Package Title: Testbank
Course Title: Berg 5e
Chapter Number: 01 

Question type: Multiple Choice

1) This partial image of North America represents:

1. A satellite view of the continent taken during the day to highlight areas of bright sunlight.
2. The areas in yellow represent major metropolitan areas.
3. The areas in yellow represent major human population centers. 

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) Both 2 and 3 can be interpreted from the image. 

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1 Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

2) According to the graph below, the world population reached 7 billion around what year?

a) 1900 CE
b)  2015 BCE
c)  2015 CE
d) Around the time of the Black Death

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1  Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

3) Which of the following statements associated with poverty is CORRECT?

1.  Poverty is associated with a short life expectancy, illiteracy, and inadequate access to health services, safe water, and balanced nutrition
2. The number of people living in poverty has been steadily declining and today less than one billion people live in poverty worldwide.
3. Poverty is a condition in which people are unable to meet their basic needs for food, clothing, shelter, education, or health.

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) Both 1 and 3 apply as descriptions of poverty.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1  Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

4) Poverty is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

a) low life expectancy
b) balanced nutrition
c) inadequate access to health services
d) illiteracy

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

5) The global fertility rate is currently 1.2 children per woman and is expected to continue to decline.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1 Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 6) Which of the following describes a highly developed country?

a) Countries with low rates of population growth and high per person incomes.
b) Countries with complex industrialized bases such as Mexico and Thailand. 
c) Countries with low levels of industrialization, very high rates of population growth, very high infant mortality rates, and very low per person incomes. 
d) Countries with abundant unskilled labor but with limited capital for investment. 

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

7) Approximately _________ percentage of the world’s population lives in either moderately or less developed countries?

a) 15
b) 30
c) 65
d) 82

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1 Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

8) To improve their economic conditions, many LDCs borrow money from HDCs for capital investment.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1 Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 9) Which of the following represents consumption overpopulation?

A typical Brazilian Residence

A typical Japanese family

A typical Mexican family

A typical family from Mali

a) Family from Mexico 
b) Family from Mali 
c) Family from Japan 
d) Family from Brazil

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 10) The photograph below represents the average family living in Mali. Based on the photo, what do you think is Mali’s most likely contribution to environmental problems?

a) Depletion of fossil fuels
b) Overpopulation
c) Overconsumption
d) Global climate change 

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 11) Which of the following DOES NOT describe a less developed country?

a) Countries where hunger, illiteracy, and poverty are common. 
b) Countries such as Mali, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia where the economies of the nation are primarily agriculturally based. 
c) Countries with low levels of industrialization, very high rates of population growth, very high infant mortality rates, and very low per person incomes. 
d) Countries with abundant capital for investment but with limited unskilled labor. 

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 12) How do moderately developed countries MOST differ from highly developed countries?

a) They have much higher infant mortality rates
b) They are mostly rural economies
c) They have much lower levels of pollution.
d) They have fewer opportunities for income, education, and healthcare.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1Human Impacts on the Environment

 13) The highly developed countries represent how much of the world’s population?

a)  18%
b)  25%
c)  30%
d) 70%

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 14) In order for a country to progress from a less developed country (LDC) to a moderately developed country (MDC), the country would have to:

a) increase rate of population growth.
b) move from industry to agricultural economy base.
c) raise the per-capita income.
d) increase their unskilled labor force.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 15)  People overpopulation is a situation:

a) that occurs when each individual in a population consumes too large a share of resources.
b) that results from the consumption-oriented lifestyles of people in highly developed countries.
c) in which there are too many people in a given geographical area.
d) in which the level of demand on resources is greater than the number of people in that geographic area.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

16) Trees, fishes, fertile agriculture soil are examples of nonrenewable resources.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1 Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

17) 86% of the global resource consumption of _______ is accounted by HDCs

Answer: aluminum

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1 Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

18) The average global ecological footprint is less than the allotted 1.8 hectares which means there is currently an ecological surplus.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1 Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

19)  Which of the following factors is as important as population in determining the environmental impact of humans?

a) climate of the region
b)  affluence per person
c) wealth of the nation
d) amount of pollution produced

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 20) Which of the following describes the relationship among population growth, consumption of natural resources, and environmental degradation?

a) When individual demands on natural resources are far greater than the requirements for survival, people in affluent nations deplete resources and degrade the global environment through increased consumption of nonessential items to satisfy their desires. 
b) Rapid population growth does not overwhelm and deplete a country’s soils, forests, and other natural resources when the amount of resources essential to an individual’s survival is small. 
c) Rate of resource consumption affects the environment far less that the explosion in population. 
d) There is no relationship between population growth, consumption of natural resources, and environmental degradation. 

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

21) If it is true that too many people living in an area causes degradation and a destruction of natural resources, then why is it that people who live in the large metropolitan areas in the United States able to have so many more material possessions than those living in the countries to the south of US?

a) Our population has stopped growing and theirs is continuing to grow.
b) People living in these metropolitan areas have more money to spend to buy the goods.
c) We are using the natural resources of less developed countries to keep us supplied with goods and produce.
d) We recycle most of our goods.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 22) The resource shown here can be classified as:

1. perpetually renewable
2. nonrenewable
3. renewable only if they are replanted and given time to grow

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) both 1 and 2

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 23) Non-renewable resource IS TO renewable resource AS

a) living is to non-living 
b) limited supply is to sustainable supply
c) tree is to coal
d) wind energy is to fossil fuel energy

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 24) Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource?

a) fossil fuels
b) water
c) forests
d) soils

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 25) Renewable resources are:

a) resources such as fossil fuels that replenish within a reasonable duration on the human timescale. 
b) resources such as fish that can be replaced by natural processes on a fairly rapid scale provided they are not overexploited in the short term
c) resources such as forests that are impossible to overexploit as trees grow so fast
d) resources such as minerals because we can efficiently extract, refine, and recycle them

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 26) Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the nature of natural resources and their use by people?

a) Slowing down the rate of population growth as well as reducing resource consumption levels will allow for more time to develop technological advances to find alternatives to non-renewable resources. 
b) Even renewable resources must be used in a manner that allows for them to replenish or replace themselves and thus these resources should more accurately be considered potentially renewable and not be overexploited. 
c) Developing countries are often faced with the difficult choice between exploiting natural resources to provide for their expanding populations in the short term (to pay for food or to cover debts) or conserving those resources for future generations. 
d) Poverty does not impose any pressures on natural resources as the poor use barely any resources at all and what they do use is used very carefully and wisely for long term survival. 

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 27) What is the environmental significance of the process of “consumption”?

a) Consumption can outstrip the natural resources available and lead to overexploitation of the environment.
b) Extravagant consumption can create an environment of raising one’s status among peers.
c) The process of consumption is an economic act, providing the “demand” necessary for the “supply” of the environment.
d) Consumption can generate economic growth that relies significantly on the importation of natural resources, which benefits the environments of less-developed countries.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 28)The photograph below is an image of Times Square in New York City. Based on the photo, what do you think is USA’s most likely contribution to environmental problems?

1. Environmental sustainability due to the population density in NYC
2. People overpopulation due to the population density in NYC
3. Consumption overpopulation as reflected by the advertising billboards

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are both reflected in the photograph

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment
29) I = P x A x T model can be used to calculate which of the following?

a) level of urbanization
b) people overpopulation
c) rate of industrialization
d) human impact on the environment

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 30) Which of the following ecological footprints is the largest?

a) Ecological footprint of a single individual in U.S.
b) Ecological footprint of a single individuals in France
c) Ecological footprint of a single individuals in India
d) Ecological footprint of 6 individuals in India

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 31) In the United States ecological footprint of each person is about  9.4 hectares. The Earth presently has 11.4 billion hectares of productive land and water. If everyone in the world lived at the same level of consumption as the average American about how many earths would we need to survive according to the ecological footprint analysis?

a) Two Earths
b) Three Earths
c) Four Earths
d) Five Earths

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

32) Why do we need to be careful when interpreting IPAT equation results?

a) We often do not understand all of the environmental impacts of a particular technology.
b) IPAT equations are usually inaccurate.
c) We often do not have the mathematical precision to interpret IPAT data.
d) IPAT equations are only useful for determining consumption in developing countries.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 33) When you complained to a friend from India about India’s high population she responded by suggesting you consider that the United States is also overpopulated. What do you think she meant?

a) The United States has a very high immigration rate.
b) The United States has a very high birth rate compared to other developed countries and to China.
c) The United States, which is 5% of the world’s population, consumes 25% of the world’s resources.
d) The density of urban metropolitan centers like New York shows that the United States is also overpopulated.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

34) Which of the following is most likely to happen if everybody in the world used resources at the rate that people in the United States do?

a) People would be healthier and happier worldwide.
b) Our current resources would run out quickly.
c) Violent conflicts would decrease because basic needs would be met.
d) Economies would prosper.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 35) What does an ecological footprint measure?

a) Natural resources used by each person in an area.
b) Products bought and used by each person in an area.
c) The amount of people that can live in a given area.
d) The number of planet’s worth of resources we have.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 36) In order to estimate human impact on the environment we can

a) multiply the number of people times affluence per person times resources used and wastes produced (I=P x A x T)
b) multiply resource depletion times number of years divided by number of people (I = R x Y ÷ P)
c) multiply birth rate times consumption patterns divided by available resources (I= B x C ÷ R)
d) Divide number of people by resources needed and wastes produced (I = P ÷ T)

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment
 
37) From the figure below we can interpret the following:

a) We currently have an ecological surplus of almost half an earth that can support increased population or consumption in the future.
b) We have an ecological overshoot as we are living beyond the 11.4 billion hectares of productive land and water that is available on earth.
c) We are in a sustainable condition for while the human ecological footprint has been increasing over time we have simultaneously been using technology to not exceed the earth’s biocapacity.
d) Due to human ingenuity the availability of resources per person has increased steadily from 0.5 earths per person to about 1.4 earths per person today.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 38) From the graphs below we can interpret the following:

a) Of the three nations, India has the most people overpopulation as it has a smallest per capita ecological footprint but the second largest total ecological footprint.
b) Of the three nations, the United States has the most consumption overpopulation as both its per capita and total ecological footprint are the largest.
c) France has a per capita ecological footprint of about 4.9 hectares, which makes it about five times the size of India and half the size of the United States.
d) All of the above statements can be interpreted from the graphs. 

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1   Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

39) _________ is the ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Answer: Sustainability

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.2 Describe how unchecked use of nonrenewable resources impacts the environment.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.2 Sustainability and the Environment

40) Prevent and reduce waste, restore degraded environments, use resources efficiently, and stabilize human population are all goals to promote _________

Answer: Sustainability

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.2 Describe how unchecked use of nonrenewable resources impacts the environment.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.2 Sustainability and the Environment

41) The photograph below is of the Tsukiji Market in Japan. Which of the following statements describes why there are so many Bluefin Tuna available for purchase?

a) Dams on rivers trapped many Bluefin Tuna that were migrating upstream to spawn.
b) Water pollution from pesticide runoff impaired the swimming ability of Bluefin Tuna in coastal areas so they were more easily captured in fishing nets.
c) Bluefin Tuna are being overfished in certain parts of the ocean.
d) Global climate change is disrupting Bluefin Tuna migration paths and they now move directly in the main shipping channels and have to be captured to reduce potential damage to cargo ships.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.2 Describe how unchecked use of nonrenewable resources impacts the environment.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.2  Sustainability and the Environment

 42) Examples of non-sustainable human activities or behaviors include:

a) recycling
b) attempts to limit human population growth
c) using technology to improve car mileage
d) use of non-renewable fossil fuels

Answer: d 

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.2 Describe how unchecked use of nonrenewable resources impacts the environment.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.2 Sustainability and the Environment
43) Which of the following represents an idea associated with environmental sustainability?

a) Many of the Earth's resources are present in finite supply and must be used wisely
b) The human population can continue to grow
c) Our choices in what technology to use do not affect environmental quality
d) The capacity of the environment to absorb toxins is unlimited

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.2 Describe how unchecked use of nonrenewable resources impacts the environment.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.2  Sustainability and the Environment

 44) What does this graph suggests about our current use of fossil fuels?

a) We are treating this resource sustainably as the number of barrels of oil consumed has increased over time.
b)  We are depleting this non-renewable resource at a rate faster today than 20 years ago.
c) The price of oil will continue to decrease as there is more oil supply than there is demand.
d) We have found many new sources of oil as reflected in the increase in oil consumption.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.2 Describe how unchecked use of nonrenewable resources impacts the environment.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.2  Sustainability and the Environment

 45) What does the phrase “environmental sustainability” imply? 

a) The actions of humans directly impact the wellbeing of the natural environment.
b) Future generations will have the resources necessary for quality of life.
c) A shared global responsibility is necessary for conservation practices.
d) All of the above are implied by environmental sustainability.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.2 Describe how unchecked use of nonrenewable resources impacts the environment.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.2  Sustainability and the Environment

 46) The ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is 

a) ecology
b) environmental sustainability
c) ecological footprint
d) the IPAT equation 

Answer: b 

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.2 Describe how unchecked use of nonrenewable resources impacts the environment.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.2  Sustainability and the Environment

 47) The interdisciplinary study of humanity’s relationship with other organisms and the non-living physical environment is termed:

a) ecology
b) sociology
c) political science
d) environmental science

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

48) The scientific analysis and the study of interactions among organisms and their environment is called ________

Answer: Ecology

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 49) All of the following statements describe environmental science EXCEPT:

a) The goal of environmental science is to try to establish general principles about how the natural world functions.
b) Environmental scientists seek to develop viable solutions to environmental problems that are based as much as possible on scientific knowledge.
c) Since environmental problems are generally complex and scientific understanding of them is often less complete, environmental scientists are often called on to reach scientific consensus before the data are complete. 
d) No exceptions, all of the above statements describe environmental science.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 50) In the scientific method, a hypothesis

a) is a statement of fact
b) makes a prediction that can be tested
c) is usually proven to be correct
d) can only be tested once

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 51) How does science obtain knowledge about the world? 

a) By an interactive process of experimentation, which refines hypotheses until they are finally proven to be the absolute truth. 
b) By relying on scientific authorities and the massive amount of knowledge already obtained to explain new data. 
c) By systematically gathering evidence and discarding potential explanations that do not fit the evidence, and refining those that do fit the evidence. 
d) By conducting experiments designed to support hypotheses as being correct beyond reasonable doubt. 

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 52) Why is it inadequate to rely solely on science to solve environmental problems?

a) Science can’t prove anything so it cannot be used to solve problems.
b) Science can only inform decisions, but ethics are necessary to help us decide what we ought to do.
c) The statement is incorrect - science is the only discipline necessary to solve environmental problems.
d) Politics and economics are the real tools used to solve environmental problems.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

53) ________ are factors that can influence a process.

Answer: Variables

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 54) An integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses is known as a

a) fact.
b) law.
c) control.
d) theory.

Answer: d 

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 55) Which of the following statements about scientific theories are TRUE?

a) Theories cannot be tested.
b) Theories are the same as hypotheses.
c) Theories can be used to predict the existence of as-yet unobserved things or phenomena.
d) Theories are ethical principles based on a religious foundation.

Answer: c 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

56) A _______ is a well substantiated explanation that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.

Answer: Theory

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 57) The scientist in the picture below is MOST likely participating in what step in the scientific process?

a) analysis of data
b) collection of data
c) formulation of a hypothesis
d) studying an experimental group

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 58) To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments?

a) In the experimental group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the control group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made.
b) In the control group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the experimental group that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made.
c) In the experimental group, a chosen variable plus all other variables are altered. In the control group, the chosen variable is altered however all other variables are held constant.
d) In the experimental and control groups two different variables are altered.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 59) A botanist has conducted an experiment where the leaf on the right is from a conventional rice plant and the leaf on the left is from a rice plant that was genetically modified to be pest resistant. Which of the following statements is true?

a) The leaf on the left was grown under conditions without any insects.
b) The leaf on the right is from the control portion of the experiment.
c) The leaf on the left was from the control portion for this experiment.
d) Both leaves are from the treatment part of the experiment.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 60) How would a scientist respond to the statement that “The theory of natural selection is really just an educated guess at what is happening.”

a) She would agree because theories really are just guesses about the scientific world. 
b) She would disagree because scientific theories refer to broadly conceived, well-supported explanations of scientific phenomena.
c) She would agree because there is not enough support to accept the hypothesis of natural selection.
d) She would use the scientific method to conduct her own experiment to test the theory before accepting it as fact.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 61) What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method?
I. State the problem
II. Analyze and interpret the data
III. Develop a hypothesis
IV. Share the results with other scientists
V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis

a) I – II – III – IV – V
b) III – I – V – II – IV
c) I – III – V – II – IV
d) V – IV– III – II – I

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 62) All of the following describe the process of science EXCEPT:

a) Science seeks to reduce complexity of the natural world to general principles which are used to provide new insights. 
b) Scientific data is collected through observation and experimentation and thus questions of science are limited to testable questions. 
c) Conclusions inferred from collected data are often based on faith, emotion, or intuition. 
d) Confirming the validity of new results by repeatability is a requirement of science. 

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 63) A state agency has contacted you to do a scientific assessment of kudzu in a nature preserve in southern Georgia. They are concerned about the effects of the non-native invasive vine on a small rare plant that grows on the forest floor in the preserve, but which is found nowhere else in the state. Kudzu is only growing in the east side of the preserve because it hasn't yet had time to invade further. In order to assess the effects of kudzu on the rare plant, you set up the following experiment:

Site 1. On the east side of the park with the kudzu, you set up ten 1m x 1m plots on the forest floor. In each plot you count the number of individuals of the rare plant.
Site 2. On the west side of the park without the kudzu, you set up ten 1m x 1m plots of the forest floor. In each plot you count the number of individuals of the rare plant.

In this experiment, Site 2 is your: 

a) variable.
b) control.
c) replication.
d) hypothesis.

Answer: b 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 64) A state agency has contacted you to do a scientific assessment of kudzu in a nature preserve in southern Georgia. They are concerned about the effects of the non-native invasive vine on a small rare plant that grows on the forest floor in the preserve, but which is found nowhere else in the state. Kudzu is only growing in the east side of the preserve because it hasn't yet had time to invade further. In order to assess the effects of kudzu on the rare plant, you set up the following experiment:

Site 1. On the east side of the park with the kudzu, you set up ten 1m x 1m plots on the forest floor. In each plot you count the number of individuals of the rare plant.
Site 2. On the west side of the park without the kudzu, you set up ten 1m x 1m plots of the forest floor. In each plot you count the number of individuals of the rare plant.

Which of the following represents the hypothesis that you are testing with this experiment? 

a) Kudzu will eventually grow on the west side of the park.
b) Kudzu will kill off the trees in the preserve by strangling them.
c) Kudzu should be removed from the preserve because it is killing the rare plant.
d) Kudzu is negatively affecting populations of the rare plant in the preserve.

Answer: d 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 65) A state agency has contacted you to do a scientific assessment of kudzu in a nature preserve in southern Georgia. They are concerned about the effects of the non-native invasive vine on a small rare plant that grows on the forest floor in the preserve, but which is found nowhere else in the state. Kudzu is only growing in the east side of the preserve because it hasn't yet had time to invade further. In order to assess the effects of kudzu on the rare plant, you set up the following experiment:

Site 1. On the east side of the park with the kudzu, you set up ten 1m x 1m plots on the forest floor. In each plot you count the number of individuals of the rare plant.
Site 2. On the west side of the park without the kudzu, you set up ten 1m x 1m plots of the forest floor. In each plot you count the number of individuals of the rare plant.

Based solely on the data represented in the associated table, what can you report to the agency that contracted you to do this study?

Site	Mean number of individuals of rare plant per plot	
Site 1	1.7	
Site 2	4.2	

a) Kudzu is shading out the rare plant.
b) The rare plant is unaffected by the presence of the kudzu.
c) Fewer individuals of the rare plant grow in the presence of kudzu when compared to areas without kudzu.
d) It will be impossible to remove kudzu from the park because it grows too fast.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 66) Why is a risk analysis usually performed in solving environmental problems?

a) To provide public awareness and endorsement.
b) To monitor the initial assessment and modeling of the problem.
c) To solicit public opinion about how evidence should be interpreted when selection a course of action.
d) To analyze the potential effect of an intervention versus doing nothing.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.4 Describe the steps that provide a framework for addressing environmental problems.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.4 How we Handle Environmental Problems

 67) Which of the following stages comes LAST in addressing environmental problems?

a) Risk analysis
b) Political action
c) Long-term management and evaluation
d) Scientific assessment

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.4 Describe the steps that provide a framework for addressing environmental problems.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.4 How we Handle Environmental Problems

68) Community members bring information, preferences, and goals that must be incorporated into a policy decisions during which of the five stages of solving an environmental problem?

a) Scientific assessment
b) Risk analysis
c) Public engagement
d) Political consideration
e) Long term environmental management

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.4 Describe the steps that provide a framework for addressing environmental problems.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.4 How we Handle Environmental Problems

 69) Compare and contrast two images below. 

Solution: Figure 1.2a represents a family from a HDC or the rich haves while Figure 1.2c represents a family from a LDC or the poor have-nots. HDC countries such as Japan possess complex industrialized bases, low rates of population growth, and high per capita incomes and thus typically have large per capita ecological footprints and display consumption overpopulation. LDC countries such as Mail are characterized by a low level of industrialization, a very high fertility rate, a very high infant mortality rate and a low per-capita income. Most economies of LDCs are agriculturally based rather than industrialized. Hunger, disease, and illiteracy are common in LDCs. These countries have small per capita ecological footprints but often display people overpopulation. However both categories of countries (HDCs and LDCs) are subject to global climate changes and environmental degradation. In LDCs the rapidly increasing populations tend to overwhelm and deplete the country’s soils, forests, and other natural resources. In HDCs, extravagant consumers exhaust resources and degrade the global environment. 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1  Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 70) Compare and contrast two images below. 

Solution: The graphs represent comparison of ecological footprints for India, France, and the United States. An ecological footprint is a way of expressing consumption by individuals in a society. In Figure 1.4a the graph represents the amount of land (in hectares) that it takes to sustain one person I each of these three countries. Each person in India today uses 0.9 hectare of productive land and ocean to meet his or her resource requirements while each person in France uses 4.9 hectares and each person in the United States uses 9.4 hectares. So while India is below the global allotment of 1.8 hectares per person, both France and USA are above the per capita global allotment reflecting consumption overpopulation. In Figure 1.4b the graph represents the total ecological footprint for the countries of India, France, and the United State. India, although having a low per capita ecological footprint, has a significantly large ecological footprint as a country (almost 1 billion hectares) because of its large population – thus reflecting people overpopulation. By contrast in France, although the per capita ecological footprint is high, its footprint as a country is relatively low, at 298 million hectares. The U.S. footprint as a country is a whopping 2.8 billion hectares and if everyone in the world had the same level of consumption as the average American, it would take the resources and area of five Earths.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1  Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 71) Compare and contrast renewable and nonrenewable resources. 

Solution: Nonrenewable resources are natural resources that are present in limited supplies and are depleted as they are used, as natural processes do not replenish these resources within a reasonable duration on human timescales. Fossil fuels, for example, take millions of years to form. Other examples of nonrenewable resources include minerals such as aluminum, tin, and copper. The inescapable fact is that Earth has a finite supply of nonrenewable resources that sooner or later they will be exhausted. In time, technological advances may help develop substitutes for nonrenewable resources, and we can also extend the availability of some nonrenewable resources by such means as recycling. Renewable resources are also natural resources but these are replaced by natural processes on a fairly rapid scale of days to decades and can thus be used forever. Some examples of renewable resources are trees, fishes, fertile agricultural soil, and fresh water. However, renewable resources can also be overexploited. For example, agriculture in such areas as tropical rain forests that is inappropriate for farming, may provide a short-term solution to the need for food, but it does not work in the long run because when these forests are cleared for farming their agricultural productivity declines rapidly and severe environmental deterioration occurs. Renewable resources, then, are potentially renewable. They must be used in a manner that gives them time to replace or replenish themselves and they should not be overexploited in the short term.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.1  Discuss the link between population size, resources consumption, and environmental impact in countries of varying development.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment

 72) Define environmental sustainability. Discuss three reasons why experts in environmental science think that the human population is not operating sustainability.

Solution: The ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is considered environmental sustainability. Many experts in environmental problems think human society isn’t operating sustainability because of the following human behaviors:
-we are using nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels as if they were present in unlimited supplies
-we are using renewable resources such as fresh water and forests faster than they are replenished naturally
-we are polluting the environment with toxins as if the capacity of the environment to absorb then is limitless.
-our numbers continue to grow despite Earth’s finite ability to feed and sustain us and absorb our waste
-consumption levels in highly developed countries are far above just meeting survival needs and cannot be enjoyed by too many people.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.2 Describe how unchecked use of nonrenewable resources impacts the environment.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.2  Sustainability and the Environment

 73) Compare and contrast environmental science and ecology.

Solution: Environmental science combines information from many disciplines, such as biology, geography, chemistry, geology, physics, economics, sociology, demography, cultural anthropology, natural resources management, agriculture, engineering, law politics and ethics. The goal of environmental science is use the process of science to try to establish general principles about how the natural world functions and apply these principles to develop viable solutions to environmental problems. Ecology is a basic tool of environmental science. Ecology is branch of biology that studies the interrelationships between organisms and their environment. 

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 74) Outline how the scientific method is applied in order to solve environmental problems. Use a real-life example and correct terminology in your explanation.

Solution: The scientific method is the way a scientist approaches a problem, by formulating a hypothesis, and then testing it by means of an experiment in order to draw a conclusion about the problem. The first step is to recognize a question or unexplained occurrence in the natural world. Then an educated guess is made to predict a solution to the problem. A set of variables are identified and manipulated experimentally to collect data about the question. The data is then analyzed and interpreted so that a conclusion can be reached. Experiments are repeated to ensure they come to the same result each time. The hypothesis is supported, rejected or modified and the results are shared with other scientists. The theory and supporting experiments are repeated and reviewed by other scientists. 

Kudzu example: Step 1: Scientists in Georgia are concerned about the effects of the non-native invasive vine on a small rare plant that grows on the forest floor in a state preserve, but which is found nowhere else in the state. Kudzu is only growing in the east side of the preserve because it hasn't yet had time to invade further. 

Step 2: The hypothesis is that kudzu is negatively affecting populations of the rare plant in the preserve. 

Step 3: In order to assess the effects of kudzu on the rare plant, the following experiment is set up --
Site 1 (Experimental plot). On the east side of the park with the kudzu, set up ten 1m x 1m plots on the forest floor. In each plot count the number of individuals of the rare plant.
Site 2 (Control plot). On the west side of the park without the kudzu, set up ten 1m x 1m plots of the forest floor. In each plot count the number of individuals of the rare plant.

Step 4: The following data is collected

Site	Mean number of individuals of rare plant per plot	
Site 1	1.7	
Site 2	4.2	

Step 5: Based on this data the hypothesis is supported -- kudzu is negatively affecting the rare plant as fewer individuals of the rare plant grow in the presence of kudzu when compared to areas without kudzu.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 75) What is the relationship between variables and the control group in a well-designed scientific experiment?

Solution: Each factor that influences a process is a variable. To test a hypothesis about a variable in a scientific experiment, we conduct two forms of the experiment in parallel. In the experimental group we alter the chosen variable in a known way (the independent variable). In the control group we do not alter that independent variable. In all other respects the two groups are the same and all other variables are held constant. The dependent variable is the measure of any changes in the independent variable as the experiment is run. We then compare the results (measurements) of the control group to the experimental group. These measurements compare an experiment in which a particular variable was manipulated and the identical experiment where this variable was not manipulated. The differences in results can then be attributed to that single independent variable.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.3 Explain how the scientific method is used to investigate environmental issues.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.3 Environmental Science

 76) Use an example to describe the 5 steps used by environmental scientists to address an environmental problem.

Solution: Step 1: Scientific assessment: Problem is defined, hypotheses are tested, and models are constructed to show how present situation developed and to predict future course of events. Step 2: Risk analysis: Potential effects of various interventions—including doing nothing—are analyzed to determine risks associated with each particular course of action. Step 3: Public education and involvement: Changing public attitudes involves explaining the problem, presenting available alternatives for action, and revealing probable risks, results, and cost of each choice. Step 4: Political action: Elected officials, often at urging of their constituencies, implement a course of action based on scientific evidence as well as economic and social considerations. Step 5: Long-term evaluation: Results of any action taken should be carefully monitored to see if environmental problem is being addressed.

Aquatic example: Step 1: Scientists find higher-than-normal levels of bacteria are threatening a lake's native fish and determine the cause is human produced pollution. Step 2: If no action is taken, fishing resources—a major source of income in the region—will be harmed. If pollution is reduced appreciably, fishery will recover. Step 3: Public is informed of the ramifications—in this case, loss of income—if problem is not addressed. Step 4: Elected officials, supported by the public, pass legislation to protect lake and develop lake cleanup plan. Step 5: Water quality in lake is tested frequently, and fish populations are monitored to ensure they do not decline.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 1.4 Describe the steps that provide a framework for addressing environmental problems.
Section Reference 1: Section 1.4 How we Handle Environmental Problems